I-DeFi: yonke into ofuna ukuyazi malunga notshintsho lwezemali olunatyisiweyo

I-DeFi yiyo yonke ingqumbo (buza iPoly Network). I-DeFi imfutshane kwi-'decentralized finance', igama eliquka inani lezicelo zemali kwi-cryptocurrency okanye blockchain enfocadas en la eliminación de los intermediarios financieros tradicionales. Incluidos préstamos bancarios o de entidades tipo Cofidis o Cetelem. Esta semana, ADA Cardano ha dado un paso de gigante en la implantación de los iikontraka ezihlakaniphile que nutrirán su propia red DeFi, lista para competir con la de la todopoderosa Ethereum. Ayer mismo, el CEO de Twitter, Jack Dorsey, le dio un nuevo espaldarazo a esta tecnología al anunciar que Square lanzará una plataforma para que los desarrolladores creen proyectos de «finanzas descentralizadas» construidas sobre Bitcoin. ¿Qué significa esto? A continuación en Cafe con Leche te lo explicamos. No te pierdas, al final del artículo, uluhlu olunezona zixhobo zibalulekileyo ze-cryptocurrencies kunye ne-DeFi token of 2021.

Yintoni iDeFi?

Inethiwekhi yePoly Inengxaki enkulu ye-DeFi Hack eyake yarekhodwa

Masibuyele kuDorsey, owathi izolo wachaza into azimisele ukuyifeza ngokudibanisa inkqubo ye-DeFi kwisikwere: Kwintambo efanayo ye-Twitter apho wenza khona isibhengezo, uDorsey wathi i-Square icwangcise ukudala "ishishini elitsha" kunye "nenjongo ququzelela ukuyilwa kweenkonzo zezimali ezingagciniyo, ezingenamvume kunye nokwabela amagunya », kwiyiphi enye yeeprojekthi ezinkulu zokuqala zolu hlobo kwimarike yokuqala.

Ngaphandle kwentsingiselo, uDorsey usinike inkcazo emangalisayo-isishwankathelo sokuba yintoni iDeFi.

DeFi se inspira en la cadena de bloques, la tecnología que está detrás de la moneda digital Bitcoin, que ivumela amaqumrhu amaninzi ukuba abe nekopi yembali yentengiselwano, okuthetha ukuba ayilawulwa ngumthombo omnye ophakathi. Oku, mhlawumbi, eyona nkalo isisiseko kunye Umtshintshi womdlalo yezemali ngenxa yokuba, ngokungafaniyo nokwenzeka kwinethiwekhi yeDeFi, Iinkqubo ezisembindini kunye nabagcini bamasango abantu banokunciphisa isantya kunye nobunzulu bentengiselwano kwaye banike abasebenzisi ulawulo oluthe ngqo olungaphantsi kwimali yabo..

Iikontraki ze-Smart: I-ADA Cardano igqibezela ukufika kwayo kwihlabathi le-DeFi

Kutheni iDeFi ibaluleke kangaka?

I-DeFi ibeka ngokwahlukileyo ngokwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-blockchain ukusuka ekudluliseleni okulula kwamaxabiso ukuya kwiimeko ezinzima zokusetyenziswa kwemali.

I-Bitcoin kunye nezinye ii-asethi zedijithali zemveli zahlukile kwiindlela zokuhlawula zedijithali zelifa, njengeVisa kunye nePayPal, kuloo nto. susa bonke abalamli kwiitransekshini. Xa uhlawula ngekhadi letyala lekofu kwindawo yokutyela, iziko lezemali limi phakathi kwakho kunye neshishini, ngokulawula ukuthengiselana, ukugcina igunya lokuyimisa okanye ukuyimisa kwaye uyibhale kwi-ledger yayo yangasese. Nge-bitcoin kunye nezinye i-cryptos, loo maziko angaphandle komdlalo.

Ukuthenga ngokuthe ngqo ayilulo kuphela uhlobo lwentengiselwano okanye ikhontrakthi elawulwa ziinkampani ezinkulu kwaye ngoku ixhomekeke kwinguquko yeDeFi: izicelo zemali, ezifana imali-mboleko, i-inshorensi, i-crowdfunding, i-derivatives, ukugembula kunye nezinye ziphantsi kolawulo lwakhe. Ukuphelisa abalamli kuzo zonke iintlobo zentengiselwano yenye yeenzuzo eziphambili zeDeFi.

Ngaphambi kokuba yaziwa njengemali yokwabela amagunya, umbono weDeFi wawudla ngokubizwa ngokuba "yimali evulekileyo."

defi ethereum
Imeko ye-Ethereum ye-DeFi Ecosystem

Izicelo ze-Ethereum DeFi

Uninzi lwezicelo ezizibiza ngokuba yi "DeFi" zakhiwe kwiinethiwekhi ze-Ethereum, la segunda plataforma de criptomonedas más grande del mundo. ETH, que está a punto de lanzar su actualización Ethereum 2.0., se diferencia de la plataforma Bitcoin en que es más fácil de usar para construir otros tipos de aplicaciones descentralizadas más allá de las simples transacciones. Estos casos de uso financiero más complejos fueron incluso destacados por el creador de Ethereum, Vitalik Buterin, en 2013 en el libro blanco original de Ethereum.

USorare: ukuqokelela izincamathelisi zomdlali webhola ekhatywayo kuye kwaba yinto yokuzonwabisa ebiza kakhulu

Esto se debe a que la plataforma de Ethereum para contratos inteligentes (o izivumelwano ezihlakaniphile, izivumelwano phakathi kwamaqela amabini athi enze iitransekshini ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba iimeko ezithile zihlangatyeziwe) inikeza ukuguquguquka okukhulu ngakumbi kuneBitcoin. Iilwimi zeprogram ye-Ethereum, njenge-Solidity, zenzelwe ngokukodwa ukudala kunye nokuhambisa izivumelwano ezinjalo ezihlakaniphile.

Ngokomzekelo, Masithi umsebenzisi ufuna imali yakhe ithunyelwe kumhlobo ngoLwesibini ozayo, kodwa kuphela xa ubushushu buphakama ngaphezu kwama-35 degrees. centigrade ngokweweather.com. Le migaqo ingabhalwa kwinkontileka ehlakaniphile.

Con los contratos inteligentes como núcleo, docenas de aplicaciones DeFi funcionan en Ethereum, algunas de las cuales exploraremos a continuación en este artículo. Ethereum 2.0, la próxima actualización de la red subyacente de Ethereum, podría dar un impulso a estas aplicaciones al reducir los problemas de escalabilidad de Ethereum.

Yintoni i-Ethereum 2.0 kwaye iya kukhutshwa nini?

Iimpawu zezona zicelo zidumileyo nezisetyenziswayo zeDeFi

Iiplatform zeDeFi ezigqwesileyo kunye neeApps zika-20201

Utshintshiselwano oluMiselweyo (DEX)

Utshintshiselwano lwe-Intanethi lunceda abasebenzisi ukuba batshintshiselane ngemali yabanye, nokuba ziidola zaseMelika ngeBitcoin okanye i-ether yeDAI. I-DEXs luhlobo oluthandwa kakhulu lokutshintshiselana, oludibanisa abasebenzisi ngokuthe ngqo ukuze bakwazi ukurhweba nge-cryptocurrencies kunye nabanye ngaphandle kokubeka imali yabo kumlamli.

Stablecoins

I-cryptocurrency ekhonjelwe kwi-asethi engaphandle kwe-cryptocurrency (idola okanye i-euro, umzekelo) ukuzinzisa ixabiso.

amaqonga mboleko

Ezi qonga zisebenzisa iikontraki ezihlakaniphile zokutshintsha indawo yabameli, njengeebhanki, ezilawula iimali-mboleko phakathi.

Bitcoins "zisongelwe" (Isongiwe BTC, WBTC)

Indlela yokuthumela i-Bitcoin kwinethiwekhi ye-Ethereum ukwenzela ukuba i-Bitcoin isetyenziswe ngokuthe ngqo kwinkqubo ye-Ethereum DeFi. Ii-WBTCs zivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bafumane inzala kwi-Bitcoin abayibolekayo ngokusebenzisa amaqonga okubolekisa ngemali achazwe ngasentla.

Iimarike zokuqikelela

Iivenkile zokubheja? Ezi ziimarike zokubheja kwisiphumo seziganeko ezizayo, ezifana nesiphumo somdlalo webhola ekhatywayo okanye unyulo lwezopolitiko. Injongo yeenguqulelo zeDeFi yeemarike zokuqikelela kukubonelela ngokusebenza okufanayo kodwa ngaphandle kwabameli.

Izicelo ezitsha zeDeFi zokufumana imali

Vumelani ukulima

Kubathengisi abanamava abazimisele ukuthatha umngcipheko, kukho ukulima kwesivuno, apho abasebenzisi baphonononga iithokheni ezahlukeneyo zeDeFi ngamathuba okufumana imbuyekezo ephezulu.

Ukumbiwa kombane

Xa usetyenziso lweDeFi lutsala abasebenzisi kwiqonga labo ngokubanika iithokheni zasimahla. Le ibiyeyona ndlela idumileyo yokufuya isivuno.

Ukuhambelana

Iiapps zeDeFi ziyimithombo evulekileyo, okuthetha ukuba ikhowudi ngasemva kwabo isesidlangalaleni ukuba nabani na ayibone. Ngaloo ndlela, ezi zicelo zingasetyenziselwa "ukuqamba" izicelo ezintsha kunye nekhowudi njengeebhloko zokwakha.

Imali legos

Ukuchaza ingcamango "yokuhambelana" ngenye indlela, Usetyenziso lweDeFi lufana neLegos, iibhloko zokudlala ezidityaniswa ngabantwana ukuze bakhe izakhiwo, izithuthi, njl. Izicelo zeDeFi zinokudityaniswa ngendlela efanayo "njengemali yabantu" ukwakha iimveliso ezintsha zezimali.

Imali mboleko yeDeFi

Iimarike zemboleko luhlobo oludumileyo lwe-DeFi, ukudibanisa abantu abafuna imali okanye i-credit (ababoleki) kunye nababolekisi be-cryptocurrency. Iiplatforms ezifana ICompound, evumela abasebenzisi ukuboleka imali ye-crypto okanye banikeze imali mboleko yabo. Abasebenzisi banokufumana imali kwinzala yokuboleka imali yabo. I-Compound ibeka amazinga enzala ngokwe-algorithmically, ngoko ke ukuba kukho imfuno ephezulu yemali mboleko ye-cryptocurrency, amazinga enzala aya kuba phezulu.

Iimali-mboleko ze-DeFi zisekelwe kwi-collateral-based, oku kuthetha ukuba ukuze kuthathwe imali mboleko, umsebenzisi kufuneka abeke isibambiso (ngokuphindaphindiweyo i-ether, ithokheni enika amandla i-Ethereum). Oku kuthetha ukuba abasebenzisi abaziniki izazisi zabo okanye amanqaku etyala anxulumeneyo ukuze bacele imali-mboleko, yindlela esebenza ngayo imali mboleko eqhelekileyo, hayi iDeFi.

Stablecoins

Olunye uhlobo lweDeFi stablecoin. Ii-Cryptocurrencies zihlala zifumana ukuguquguquka kwexabiso elibukhali kunemali ye-fiat, engeyona nto ilungileyo kwabo bafuna ukwazi ukuba imali yabo iya kuba yimalini ngeveki ukususela ngoku. Las ezizinzileyo ikhonkco cryptocurrencies kwezinye iimali, ezifana dollar US (es el caso del USDT Tether, algo cuestionado en los últimos meses), para mantener el precio bajo control. Como su nombre indica, las ezizinzileyo Zenzelwe ukuzisa "uzinzo" kumaxabiso.

Iimarike zokuqikelela

Enye yezona zicelo zakudala ze-DeFi ezihlala kwi-Ethereum yinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-"prediction market", apho abasebenzisi babheja ngesiphumo somcimbi othile, njenge. "Ngaba uDonald Trump uza kuluphumelela unyulo lukaMongameli luka-2020?"

Injongo yabathathi-nxaxheba ngokucacileyo kukufumana imali, nangona kunjalo Iimarike zokuqikelela ngamanye amaxesha zinokuqikelela ngcono iziphumo kuneendlela eziqhelekileyo, njengophando. Iimarike eziqikelelweyo ezibekwe kwindawo enye ezinerekhodi entle kulo mba ziquka i-Intrade kunye nePredictIt. I-DeFi inamandla okuqhuba umdla kwiimarike zokuxela kwangaphambili njengoko ngokwesiko zijongelwa phantsi ngoorhulumente kwaye zihlala zivaliwe xa zilawulwa kumbindi.

IiFAQ zeDeFi

Ndingayenza njani imali ngeDeFi?

El valor y la cantidad de dinero invertido en proyectos DeFi de Ethereum se ha disparado en el año 2021 gracias, en parte, a la popularidad de plataformas como PanCake Swap o UniSwap, y la proliferación de los tokens de tipo iishitcoins, kunye nabasebenzisi abaninzi ekucingelwa ukuba benza imali eninzi. Kwaye nabanye abaye balahlekelwa ngenxa ye imikhonyovu (ubuqhophololo) kunye iirugpulls (ephoswe kwikhaphethi, ebhekiselele ekurhoxisweni ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngaphandle kwesaziso sangaphambili senkunzi yokuqala etyalwe ngumdali wethokheni).

Ndiyabulela kutshintshiselwano lwamathokheni kunye nezicelo zemboleko ezisekelwe kwi-Ethereum, Abasebenzisi banokuvelisa "ingeniso ye-passive" ngokuboleka imali yabo kunye nokufumana inzala kwimali-mboleko.  Ukufuya isivuno, okuchazwe ngasentla, kunamathuba okuba nesivuno esingaphezulu, kodwa kunomngcipheko omkhulu. Ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bathathe ithuba lemali-mboleko yeDeFi ukuya beka ii-asethi zakho ze-crypto emsebenzini ukuvelisa eyona mbuyekezo ingcono. Nangona kunjalo, ezi nkqubo zithande ukuntsonkotha kwaye zihlala zingafihli.

Ngaba kukhuselekile ukutyalomali kwiDeFi?

Akukhuselekanga ukutyala imali yakho kwiDeFi. Oku kufuneka kucace. Kuyingozi. Abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba i-DeFi likamva lezemali kwaye ukutyala imali kwitekhnoloji ephazamisayo kwangoko kunokukhokelela kwinzuzo enkulu. Kodwa kunzima kubantu abatsha ukuba bakwazi ukwahlula iiprojekthi ezilungileyo kwezimbi. Ibe inyaniso kukuba bebaninzi abangendawo. Ngale ndlela, kubalulekile ukwenza umsebenzi wophando olungileyo (ngokuzimisela okukhulu) ngaphambi kokutyala imali kulo naluphi na uhlobo lweprojekthi ye-DeFi, uphawu, i-cryptocurrency okanye itshitcoin.

Njengoko i-DeFi inyukile kumsebenzi kunye nokuthandwa ngo-2020, uninzi lwee-apps ze-DeFi, njengengqekembe ye-YAM ye-meme, ziye zatshatyalaliswa kwaye zatshisa, zathumela i-60 yezigidi zeedola zentengiso ukuya kwi-0 ngemizuzu engama-35. Ezinye iiprojekthi zeDeFi, ezinje ngeHotdog kunye nePizza, ziye zahlelwa yinto efanayo, kwaye abatyali-mali abaninzi balahlekelwe yimali eninzi.

Ngaphaya koko, iibugs zeDeFi zisaxhaphake kakhulu, ngelishwa. Iikhontrakthi ze-Smart zinamandla, kodwa azikwazi ukutshintshwa xa imithetho ifakwe kwiprotocol, ihlala isenza iibhugi ngokusisigxina kwaye ngaloo ndlela yandisa ingozi.

Ngaba iDeFi iya kuba eziqhelekileyo? Iza kuhamba nini i-DeFi njengesiqhelo?

Nangona abantu abaninzi betsalwa kwii-apps ze-DeFi, kunzima ukutsho apho baya khona. Ubukhulu becala kuxhomekeke ekubeni ngubani ozifumana ziluncedo kwaye ngoba. Abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba iiprojekthi ezahlukeneyo zeDeFi zinamandla okuba yiRobinhood elandelayo (i-app edumileyo yaseMelika yokutyala imali kwizitokhwe kunye nezinto eziphuma kuyo), ukutsala inkitha yabasebenzisi abatsha ngokwenza usetyenziso lwezemali lubandakanyeke ngakumbi kwaye luvuleleke kwabo bangenako ukufikelela kula maqonga.

I-DeFi iyathembisa. Kodwa ikwayintloko ebuhlungu. Ubuchwephesha bezemali butsha, bovavanyo, kwaye abukho ngaphandle kweengxaki zabo, ngakumbi xa kufikwa kukhuseleko okanye ukuncipha.

Abaphuhlisi banethemba lokulungisa ezi ngxaki ekuhambeni kwexesha. I-Ethereum 2.0 inokujongana nemiba yokulinganisa ngokusebenzisa ingcamango eyaziwa ngokuba ukugcuma, una forma de dividir la base de datos subyacente en piezas más pequeñas que sean más manejables para los usuarios individuales. Además, está por ver de qué es capaz la red DeFi que surgirá de los prometedores contratos inteligentes de ADA Cardano a finales del 2021.

I-Ethereum 2.0 iya kuchaphazela njani i-DeFi?

Ethereum 2.0 no será la solución definitiva de todos los problemas de DeFi, pero supondrá un buen punto de partida. Sobre todo por el mayúsculo aumento en la capacidad de transacciones que presentará, repercutiendo favorablemente en coste y rapidez. Otros protocolos, como Raiden y TrueBit, también se están preparando para resolver los problemas de escalabilidad de Ethereum.

Ukuba ezi zisombululo zisetyenziswa, iimvavanyo ze-Ethereum DeFi ziya kuba nethuba elingcono lokuba yimveliso yokwenene, kwaye nokuba yinto eqhelekileyo.

Bitcoin njenge DeFi

Nangona u-Ethereum eyinkokeli yehlabathi kwi-DeFi, abaninzi abaxhasi be-Bitcoin babelana nenjongo yokukhupha i-middlemen ukusuka kwiintengiselwano zemali ezinzima kakhulu, kwaye baye baphuhlisa iindlela zokwenza oko ngokusebenzisa i-protocol ye-Bitcoin.

Iinkampani ezifana neeLabhu ze-DG kunye ne-Suredbits, umzekelo, zisebenza kwitekhnoloji ye-Bitcoin DeFi ebizwa ngokuba yi-discrete ledger contracts (DLC). I-DLC ibonelela ngendlela yokwenza iikhontrakthi zemali ezintsonkothileyo, ezifana nezinto eziphuma kuzo, ngoncedo lweBitcoin. Imeko enye yokusetyenziswa kwe-DLCs ihlawula umntu i-Bitcoin kuphela ukuba iimeko ezithile zexesha elizayo zidibene, umzekelo, ukuba i-Real Madrid iphumelele umdlalo wabo olandelayo, imali iya kunikwa ophumeleleyo.

IiCryptocurrencies zeDeFi eziPhezulu (Julayi 2021)

igama Ixabiso 24h% isahl. Imarike Umthamo (24h)
$16.37 0.78% $9,614,033,014 $347,235,243
Ukungatshintshi I-UNI 21,212,242
I-UNI
$15.17 0.69% $6,673,773,492 $687,348,255
I-Chainlink 45,317,660 AMAQHINGA
LINK
$31,416.44 0.86% $6,150,840,799 $166,475,518
I-Bitcoin eqhotsiweyo 5,301WBTC
WBTC
$1.00 0.01% $5,499,314,849 $287,796,169
dai 287,721,009 IDAI
I-DAI
$249.11 3.40% $3,206,418,710 $308,945,860
Ave I-AAVE eyi-1,237,260
I-AAVE
$6.38 0.53% $2,679,717,689 $219,429,278
Terra 34,358,742 INYANGA
LUNA
$12.55 5.10% $2,474,461,195 $299,424,503
Ukutshintsha ipancake 23,850,890 YENZA
Cake
$2,393.70 2.02% $2,372,941,694 $93,637,483
uMenzi MKR39,118
I-MKR
$373.70 2.21% $2,002,387,532 $187,283,908
ICompound 501,155 comp
ikhampasi
$10.83 2.25% $1,866,796,617 $44,620,155
Ivalanti 4,121,137 AVAX
I-AVAX
$0.5667 2.16% $1,642,221,710 $54,984,668
Igrafu I-97,027,251 GRT
GR
$8.88 1.21% $1,019,671,488 $101,061,761
I-Synthetix 11,382,183 SNX
I-SNX
$27,365.51 5.05% $1,002,547,460 $237,682,061
imali 8,685 YFI
KUNYE neFI
$4.18 9.70% $978,645,124 $97,388,455
XHOSA I-23,299,934 I-RUNES
RUNI
$7.04 10.28% $897,566,564 $318,539,176
Ukutshintshwa 45,158,033 SUSHI
I-SUSHI
$0.5679 10.75% $845,421,702 $389,225,182
Uphawu lokuQaphela oluSisiseko 685,393,881 BAT
BAT
$1.45 1.56% $786,196,018 $39,016,379
Umdex MXN26,993,624
I-MDX
$2.78 1.21% $648,827,011 $39,966,424
Bancor 14,350,187 BNT
BNT
$1.41 0.63% $531,156,782 $94,408,277
Ijika le-DAO Token 66,630,238 I-CRV
I-CRV
$0.6148 2.45% $520,136,864 $47,701,478
0x 77,524,194 ZRX
I-ZRX
$1.89 5.32% $515,115,225 $140,427,576
Umqondiso wokubhaka I-74,342,077 BAKE
BHAKA
$8.20 1.74% $506,215,770 $40,190,437
UMA 4,903,542 AMU
UMA
$0.1904 3.49% $485,668,270 $22,692,238
Fantom 118,912,211 FTMs
I-FTM
$0.06174 2.18% $431,978,857 $16,276,465
I-Ankr I-ANKR 263,609,976
I-ANKR
$1.00 0.14% $397,905,142 $17,427,381
Neutrino iUSD 17,415,884 USD
I-USDN
$31,405.12 0.43% $364,196,516 $8,251,311
renBTC 263 RENBTC
QAPHELA
$2.01 1.89% $361,315,463 $203,456,495
1inch 101,349,421 1INCH
1INCH
$0.3056 1.00% $305,229,243 $16,874,069
ren 55,159,599 REN
REN
$180.75 1.88% $271,952,484 $1,669,908
Gnosis 9,239 GN
I-GNO
$3.82 4.06% $268,368,875 $43,633,424
kava.io I-KAVA engama-11,409,113
KAVA
$1.29 0.01% $264,723,031 $31,475,537
Ilifa leKyber Network Crystal 24,379,837 IKNC
I-KNC
$0.2108 0.12% $258,517,374 $20,579,863
Ukuphapha 97,564,627 LRC
LRC
$0.01928 1.17% $253,683,579 $21,862,737
Amalungelo Ogcino 1,134,143,547 RSR
I-RSR
$22.30 0.90% $245,694,472 $488,358,194
Augur 21,864,310 REP
REP
$0.746 4.28% $236,287,287 $87,956,261
Inkqubo yeMvelaphi 117,899,931 NGOs
OGN
$0.3822 0.32% $234,291,979 $17,464,758
Protocol yoLwandle 45,702,069 OCEAN
I-OCEAN
$2.42 3.75% $194,007,130 $12,921,782
IExec RLC 5,333,089 RLC
I-RLC
$6.29 8.27% $184,609,687 $21,536,740
Umgaqo wokuchaphazela 3,425,173 JNI
INJ
$1.65 0.26% $176,127,810 $108,959,317
Swayipha SXP 66,182,675
I-SXP
$5.00 5.21% $175,791,818 $33,200,645
I-Protocol ye-band 6,646,448 IBHANDE
IBANDLA
$0.01313 1.21% $166,278,330 $11,481,367
Ingqaqa 874,621,792 REEF
IREF
$15.77 3.48% $164,025,114 $16,772,499
Venus 1,063,566 XVS
Ishumi elinantlanu
$15.73 0.56% $157,269,710 $4,728,016
Uquid Coin ixabiso lembali 300,631 UQCs
I-UQC
$30.93 2.89% $154,551,438 $20,580,464
I-Numeraire 665,312 NMR
I-NMR
$0.5257 0.77% $150,142,768 $43,060,698
ILebhu yezeMali yeAlfa 81,903,595 I-ALPHA
ALPHA
$77.03 2.62% $138,089,917 $24,687,939
I-enzyme MLN 320,509
IZIGIDI
$2.67 0.21% $133,279,699 $39,887,659
I-Serum 14,963,891 SRM
I-SRM

 

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